As the application of object technology - especially the Java programming language - became more common, a new challenge arose in the software development community. A significant number of poorly designed programs have been created by less experienced developers, resulting in applications that are useless and difficult to maintain and develop. Software system professionals are increasingly discovering how difficult it is to work with these inherited, suboptimal applications. For several years, expert-level object programmers have used a growing collection of techniques to improve the structural integrity and performance of such existing software programs. These practices, referred to as refactoring, have remained in the domain of experts because no attempt has been made to transform the information into a form that all developers can use. . .until now. In his book Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Software, renowned object technology consultant Martin Fowler opens a new era by unraveling these key applications and showing how software practitioners can realize the significant benefits of this new process. A skilled system design with appropriate training